Mari Carmen Quintero, abogada colaboradora
La Ley 10/2021, de 9 de julio, de trabajo a distancia (o comúnmente conocida como Ley del Teletrabajo), eEn primer lugar, hay que tener en cuenta que el artículo 38 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores señala lo siguiente: “El periodo de vacaciones anuales retribuidas, no sustituible por compensación económica, será el pactado en convenio colectivo o contrato individual. En ningún caso la duración será inferior a treinta días naturales.”
Se trata de una prohibición que no puede ser eludida por acuerdo de las partes, ya sea de forma individual en el contrato de trabajo, o ya sea mediante convenio o negociación colectiva. Tampoco puede ser impuesta unilateralmente al empleado. Por tanto, es nulo todo pacto por el que el empleado renuncie al disfrute de sus vacaciones a cambio de una compensación económica, tal y como viene estableciendo nuestra jurisprudencia.
Ahora bien, existen excepciones: la extinción del contrato de trabajo o de la relación laboral antes del disfrute de las vacaciones.
En este caso sí debe incluirse en el finiquito correspondiente una compensación económica equivalente al periodo de vacaciones no disfrutado por el trabajador siempre y cuando no se hayan podido disfrutar por causas no imputables a él. Se le han de abonar tantos días de salario como días de vacaciones no disfrutadas que le correspondan. Pero entonces, ¿las vacaciones ya no caducan?
A raíz de la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE), se afirma que, las vacaciones no disfrutadas no caducan siempre y cuando esas vacaciones no se hayan podido disfrutar por causas imputables al empresario, es decir, que no haya cumplido con sus obligaciones. Solo caducarán si la empresa prueba que ha informado al trabajador de la posibilidad de que caduquen y que ha cumplido con sus obligaciones. En caso contrario, el empleado podría tener derecho a acumular sin límite las vacaciones no disfrutadas y a reclamarlas.
Si el empresario no acredita el cumplimiento de las obligaciones establecidas en el Estatuto de los Trabajadores en materia de vacaciones y la relación laboral se extingue antes de que el empleado haya podido disfrutar de las mismas, tiene derecho a que se le compense económicamente, aunque no haya solicitado su disfrute durante la vigencia del contrato. Por lo que si la empresa no acredita que informó al empleado de su derecho a vacaciones retribuidas, no prescribiría el derecho a la compensación económica, aunque hayan transcurrido los años en que se tuvieron que disfrutar.
Por lo tanto, lo más recomendable sería que el empresario, en primer lugar, informara al trabajador de que las vacaciones no disfrutadas por motivos imputables a él caducarán el 31 de diciembre de cada año. Y, en segundo lugar, se tiene que cumplir con lo se haya establecido en el convenio y en la normativa, como por ejemplo, fijar el calendario laboral, comunicar los periodos de vacaciones con dos meses de antelación, etc.
¿Y en caso de que se quieran disfrutar de las vacaciones pendientes el próximo año? La respuesta es no. El trabajador no tiene la posibilidad de acumular vacaciones pendientes para el siguiente año, ya que estas se deben disfrutar dentro del año natural, es decir, del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre.
En definitiva, siempre y cuando la relación laboral siga vigente, el trabajador no puede ser compensado económicamente por no haber disfrutado de sus vacaciones por causas imputables a él.
Este artículo es informativo y no constituye un asesoramiento personalizado para usted.
Si usted desea resolver una consulta relacionada con esta temática o cualquier otra, puede contactarnos a través de este formulario.
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