Abogado colaborador, Juan Carlos Hernández
1. Introducción
La Ley 2/2025 ha introducido una reforma clave en el artículo 49.1 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores (ET), eliminando la posibilidad de extinguir automáticamente el contrato de trabajo cuando un trabajador es declarado en situación de incapacidad permanente total (IPT). Esta modificación responde al mandato constitucional y europeo de garantizar la no discriminación por motivos de discapacidad y fomentar la permanencia en el empleo de personas con limitaciones funcionales, protegiendo su derecho a un trabajo digno y a la estabilidad laboral.
2. Régimen anterior a la reforma
Hasta la aprobación de esta ley, la declaración de IPT por el Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS) habilitaba de forma directa la extinción del contrato laboral, conforme a lo previsto en el artículo 49.1 e) ET. Dicha extinción no requería un análisis previo por parte del empresario ni una evaluación sobre la posible continuidad del vínculo laboral mediante adaptaciones o reubicación. En consecuencia, muchas personas con capacidad para desempeñar otras funciones compatibles con sus limitaciones eran desvinculadas del mercado laboral, generando situaciones de exclusión y desprotección social.
3. ¿Qué cambia con la Ley 2/2025?
La reforma deroga expresamente la posibilidad de extinguir automáticamente el contrato de trabajo por IPT. A partir de ahora, dicha situación no conlleva por sí sola la extinción del contrato, sino que inicia un proceso de evaluación y adaptación por parte del empleador.
Las novedades más relevantes son:
Mientras se desarrolla este proceso, el contrato se considera suspendido, no extinguido, y el trabajador tiene derecho a percibir la prestación económica correspondiente. El trabajador dispone de 10 días naturales desde la notificación del INSS para manifestar su voluntad de continuar en la empresa. Por su parte, la empresa tiene un plazo máximo de tres meses para adaptar, reubicar o extinguir el contrato conforme a los criterios legales.
4. Fundamento jurídico y principios aplicables
La reforma se fundamenta en varios principios jurídicos de rango superior:
5. Implicaciones prácticas
Este cambio legislativo exige a las empresas asumir un rol más activo en la inclusión de personas con discapacidad sobrevenida. La nueva regulación refuerza el principio de estabilidad en el empleo, evitando la marginación automática del trabajador que, pese a su incapacidad para el puesto habitual, conserva capacidades laborales.
6. Conclusión
La eliminación de la extinción automática del contrato por IPT supone un avance en la protección de los derechos laborales, al tiempo que alinea el ordenamiento español con los estándares internacionales en materia de inclusión y discapacidad. Esta reforma refuerza la función social del trabajo, dignifica la situación del trabajador incapacitado y promueve una cultura empresarial más inclusiva y responsable.
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