Eduardo Olarte Soto. Abogado LeónOlarte
Todo contrato internacional debe recoger un conjunto de términos y condiciones de una operación de compraventa de un bien o un servicio, incluyendo el producto o servicio, las condiciones de embarque y entrega, documentos comerciales requeridos por el comprador, garantías y precio que debe recoger el plazo para el pago, así como las condiciones y el medio de pago.
En este post vamos a abordar, de forma sucinta, el elemento final y, quizás el más importante al que se enfrenta todo abogado que se dedique a intervenir asesorando en operaciones internacionales: las condiciones y el medio de pago de las compraventas internacionales. Una materia que se analiza y se estudia en el Máster Universitario en Derecho del Comercio Internacional de UNIR.
El medio de pago es la forma que importador (comprador) y exportador (vendedor) utilizan para liquidar una operación de compraventa de bienes o servicios pactada entre ambos. Puede ser mediante la firma de un contrato físico o sin existir este contrato físico, ocasionando el intercambio real de la mercancía o servicio y la necesidad de liquidar la deuda por parte del comprador.
Debido a la distancia geográfica entre ambas partes y a la complejidad de las operaciones de comercio internacional, los mecanismos que permiten cancelar las obligaciones creadas son distintos de los utilizados en el comercio interior, siendo las entidades financieras elementos imprescindibles en la ejecución del pago.
Si bien existe la posibilidad de utilizar medios de pagos no documentales, en el comercio exterior raramente se utilizan ya que proporcionan pocas garantías al vendedor.
Por esa razón, ahora sólo vamos a revisar los medios de pago documentales, que son aquellos en los que el movimiento de fondos va ligado al intercambio de documentos comerciales y/o financieros que dan la posesión de las mercancías.
Los medios de pago documentales son los siguientes:
-La orden de pago documentaria. El comprador instruye al banco para que el importe sea pagado al vendedor, contra un recibí, aportación de cierta documentación y previa identificación.
En la remesa simple los documentos comerciales son remitidos por el exportador al importador fuera del circuito de pago
– La remesa simple. Es la gestión de cobro del documento financiero a través del cual se ha instrumentado la deuda de la operación de compraventa o prestación de servicios. En este caso, los documentos comerciales, que son los que dan lugar a la transmisión de la propiedad de la mercancía, son remitidos por el exportador al importador, fuera del circuito de pago; y si se ha acordado liquidar el pago mediante letra, el exportador la confeccionará y procederá a gestionar el cobro a través de su entidad financiera. Si por el contrario la forma de liquidar el pago ha sido el pagaré o el cheque, el importador lo remitirá al exportador.
En este caso, el exportador, lo remitirá a su entidad financiera para que efectúe la gestión de cobro en el caso del pagaré, o bien para que abone el cheque salvo buen fin o, en otro caso, también lo remita en gestión de cobro.
-La remesa documentaria. Este tipo de remesas, no suelen llevar documento financiero asociado. También reciben el nombre de “cash against documents” o “CAD”, o también “D/P”, “documents against payment” y consiste en que el exportador/vendedor remite la mercancía al puerto de destino (del comprador), sin autorización de entrega al comprador salvo que los documentos -comerciales y financieros que deberá entregar al comprador- obren en su poder.
Es el medio de pago internacional mediante el cual un exportador entrega los documentos representativos de mercaderías o servicios a su banco, con la instrucción de enviarlos y entregarlos al comprador contra pago o la aceptación de una letra o la presentación de un pagaré / compromiso de pago a término u otros términos y condiciones. En resumen es encargarle la cobranza de los documentos a un banco.
-El crédito documentario. Mediante este sistema, el más utilizado en el comercio exterior, el banco del importador y a solicitud de éste, (comprador u ordenante), se compromete a pagar – a la vista o a plazo– a un exportador (vendedor o beneficiario) una cantidad determinada, siempre y cuando se cumplan todos los términos y condiciones de la carta de crédito.
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